Crime and Punishment was written in what, the 1880s? And in Russian, no less. Great reading, and maybe a great study in structure, if that's the type of story you're writing. But don't use it as a guide for the mechanics of writing. They had their own style and preferences way back then, and Russian writers certainly had a much different style than American writers. You're better served studying books in your genre (written in your native tongue) published in the last ten years. I'm not saying to avoid The Sun Also Rises; a great read and a great learning tool. But most books from that era have nuances that aren't in vogue today.
And to answer your original question, I can't ever remember seeing parenthetical asides in dialogue. I read Crime and Punishment over fifteen years ago and I don't even remember them in that book (yes, I take your word that they exist in C&P--I just can't remember them).
I wouldn't doubt there are contemporary books that use them. But why would you even want to use them?
Go ahead and finish reading the book before you visit these boards again. I'll look for your next reply in 2007. Or have they edited Crime and Punishment down since I last read it?