what other emotions can people feel when they read a story or watch a movie? How do I get them to feel one of them? What are some examples of how I can cause such a reaction?
There's a handy three-level emotion classification system
here, which lists in the first two tiers...
Love: Affection Lust Longing
Joy: Cheerfulness Zest Contentment Pride Optimism Enthrallment Relief
Surprise: Surprise
Anger: Irritation Exasperation Rage Disgust Envy Torment
Sadness: Suffering Sadness Disappointment Shame Neglect Sympathy
Fear: Horror Nervousness
There's a third tier too that I've omitted for space. Whether you like the classification system or not, it may be handy for discussion purposes.
Fiction creates emotion in the reader through
empathy (helping the reader to understand what emotion the character is feeling), and
sympathy (seeing the situation from the character's viewpoint). Readers will typically feel emotion on behalf of a character, but sometimes also on behalf of themselves -- especially if the event depicted is similar to their own experiences. All the primary and most of the secondary emotions can be experienced on behalf of another character, and many of them can also be triggered in the reader for themselves if you write about circumstances they identify with.
So how do we create empathy? I think it comes from strong observation and good prose. For instance, how do you get sad? Does it switch on like a light, or does it come in stages? One way it might come (I've seen this in some men) is a sense of unease, followed by denial, followed by anger, followed by trying to hide the sadness, followed by alternating misery and shame at crying. A sad man might not accept comfort right away. "I'm all right" he'll be saying, even when he's not. If you can depict that in strong prose then it may look like the sadness that people have either felt or have seen. They'll know exactly what it is even if you never use the word 'sad' or never show the character's tears.
But will they feel it? I think that depends on sympathy, not empathy.
Sympathy can come about if a character is doing something that the reader would want to do in the same circumstance, or experiencing something the same way that the reader would -- especially if the character is suffering while experiencing it. Seeing others suffer hightens our empathy and triggers our sympathy. Strangers will often cry at funerals, even if they don't know the deceased. Babies will cry when they hear other babies cry. We often develop compassion even for our enemies when we see them suffer.
Tension (caused by conflict) and suspense (caused by delaying decisive actions) can also add to sympathy.
So, an example.
Firstly, a sad event, but not one I think many readers would feel sad about.
The killer shot John's wife. John cried.
This next one attempts to play for the reader's sympathy by showing John making a choice that many might make in the same place, then by dragging out John's anguish in a series of suspenseful steps. At the same time, I'm trying to show John's emotions without saying what they are. See how many emotions he goes through. This example is hampered because we know nothing about Mary. There are no guarantees, but see if it reaches you more than the example above, at least.
The killer lifted the pistol. John's heart lurched as he saw that it was aimed at his wife. Her eyes widened and her fingers spread like a baby's.
"No!" he yelled. "Please!"
The killer hesitated.
"Me..." John's voice croaked. "Kill me if you must."
The barrel of the pistol swung around. John's mouth went dry. His legs gave way and he found himself on his knees. The weapon's black mouth gaped.
The killer snorted, turned back. "Y'know", he said... "I like it better this way."
The gunshot punched a hole in John's hoarse cry. "No!"
Mary staggered, fell. John scrabbled toward her over carpet, cupped a hand under her head, screaming her name.
No wound. There was no wound anywhere on her.
But then she coughed blood and her floral print dress blossomed crimson just under her breast. John's stomach plummetted somewhere to Hell and his arms went numb. He smelled gunsmoke and Mary's perfume. He keened.
Hope that helps.