The Bible on Rulers

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AMCrenshaw

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A one-sided look meant to spur discussion among the people. What follows are a few passages about what Jesus seems to think about "government". I would also welcome any healthy eschatology concerning Revelation, Jesus' own words about following human-rule, and OT passages (I'm especially not too educated about the Old Testament, so anything written about that will probably be new for me).

Ah, at NDG's suggestion, I will put my own loose opinion about these following quotes. They seem to me to suggest that we should, at the very least, beware of authority, especially in the form of organized government. Jesus' works and words (according to the Bible, at least) point us away from human authority. That is, the only authority followers of Christ should obey is the Holy Spirit, Christ himself, and God the Father. The first passage elucidates the nature of power in kingship; it reaps where it does not sow. The prophecy set forth in Isaiah 4 (elsewhere in the Old Testament, Ecclesiastes por ejemplo, show why systems of domination are to be dropped in favor of freedom) reveal that the prophet who will come is neither violent nor a ruler over them, and through nonviolent means, he will free the oppressed.

When Satan tempts Jesus by showing him all the kingdoms of the earth, Satan reminds us that he creates the kingdoms of mankind. Jesus says, of course, "Serve God only." Jesus' Kingdom of God is among us now, but it is not of mankind, rather it is of the Spirit. Following that are a few examples in which Jesus refuses again to be King over others, tells people that there is only one master (and it ain't government; it's God). Acts gives us a good example of a nonviolent community of people who share their wealth (they have none to their own names), perform works and miracles for others, and who, above all, obey God, not the government.

Finally, I think it's one-sided because I've plucked pieces from a larger picture. I invite, full-heartedly encourage, others to bring out the other side of the coin...


Onward:


This first passage, however, is from 1 Samuel:


"5 They said to him, "You are old, and your sons do not walk in your ways; now appoint a king to lead us, such as all the other nations have."
6 But when they said, "Give us a king to lead us," this displeased Samuel; so he prayed to the LORD. 7 And the LORD told him: "Listen to all that the people are saying to you; it is not you they have rejected, but they have rejected me as their king. 8 As they have done from the day I brought them up out of Egypt until this day, forsaking me and serving other gods, so they are doing to you. 9 Now listen to them; but warn them solemnly and let them know what the king who will reign over them will do."
10 Samuel told all the words of the LORD to the people who were asking him for a king. 11 He said, "This is what the king who will reign over you will do: He will take your sons and make them serve with his chariots and horses, and they will run in front of his chariots. 12 Some he will assign to be commanders of thousands and commanders of fifties, and others to plow his ground and reap his harvest, and still others to make weapons of war and equipment for his chariots. 13 He will take your daughters to be perfumers and cooks and bakers. 14 He will take the best of your fields and vineyards and olive groves and give them to his attendants. 15 He will take a tenth of your grain and of your vintage and give it to his officials and attendants. 16 Your menservants and maidservants and the best of your cattle and donkeys he will take for his own use. 17 He will take a tenth of your flocks, and you yourselves will become his slaves. 18 When that day comes, you will cry out for relief from the king you have chosen, and the LORD will not answer you in that day."

Compare to Parable of the Talents: Matthew 25:24-5

"'Master,' he said, 'I knew that you are a hard man, harvesting where you have not sown and gathering where you have not scattered seed. 25So I was afraid and went out and hid your talent in the ground. See, here is what belongs to you.' "

Prophecy:

Isaiah 4 "He will judge between the nations
and will settle disputes for many peoples.
They will beat their swords into plowshares
and their spears into pruning hooks.
Nation will not take up sword against nation,
nor will they train for war anymore."



Jesus concerning ruling kingdoms of the world
From Matthew 4:

"Again, the devil took him to a very high mountain and showed him all the kingdoms of the world and their splendor. 9"All this I will give you," he said, "if you will bow down and worship me." 10Jesus said to him, "Away from me, Satan! For it is written: 'Worship the Lord your God, and serve him only."

From Luke 4:

5The devil led him up to a high place and showed him in an instant all the kingdoms of the world. 6And he said to him, "I will give you all their authority and splendor, for it has been given to me, and I can give it to anyone I want to. 7So if you worship me, it will all be yours." 8Jesus answered, "It is written: 'Worship the Lord your God and serve him only.'"


Important to remember that Devil comes from divider (diabolos)


Luke 4:18

"The Spirit of the Lord is on me,
because he has anointed me
to preach good news to the poor.
He has sent me to proclaim freedom for the prisoners
and recovery of sight for the blind,
to release the oppressed..."

John 6: Jesus refuses to be made king of this world

14After the people saw the miraculous sign that Jesus did, they began to say, "Surely this is the Prophet who is to come into the world." 15Jesus, knowing that they intended to come and make him king by force, withdrew again to a mountain by himself.


Matthew 23:

"But you are not to be called 'Rabbi,' for you have only one Master and you are all brothers. 9And do not call anyone on earth 'father,' for you have one Father, and he is in heaven. 10Nor are you to be called 'teacher,' for you have one Teacher, the Christ.[b] 11The greatest among you will be your servant. 12For whoever exalts himself will be humbled, and whoever humbles himself will be exalted.

Acts 13-19:

"13When they saw the courage of Peter and John and realized that they were unschooled, ordinary men, they were astonished and they took note that these men had been with Jesus. 14But since they could see the man who had been healed standing there with them, there was nothing they could say. 15So they ordered them to withdraw from the Sanhedrin and then conferred together. 16"What are we going to do with these men?" they asked. "Everybody living in Jerusalem knows they have done an outstanding miracle, and we cannot deny it. 17But to stop this thing from spreading any further among the people, we must warn these men to speak no longer to anyone in this name." 18Then they called them in again and commanded them not to speak or teach at all in the name of Jesus. 19But Peter and John replied, "Judge for yourselves whether it is right in God's sight to obey you rather than God."


Acts 5:29:
"Peter and the other apostles replied: "We must obey God rather than men!"






Thank you. I look forward to discussion.

AMC
 
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Norman D Gutter

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A.M.:

To start a conversation, you have to do more than throw up a few quotes, stand back, and wait for others to come in. What is it those passages are saying to you? What is your opinion of them? Why do you say they are a one-sided look at the issue?

You have to start the conversation at the party, not just plop the book on the coffee table, open to the place you want people to read and discuss, and expect the party-goers to come over, read the open pages, and begin a big discussion. State your premises, then make your argument, then invite discussion.

NDG
 
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Guffy

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In Romans chapter 13:1, Paul tells the Christians living in Rome, that they were to obey their rulers because they where established by God. He told this to people who would soon be persecuted by their rulers. This must be balanced with Peter words in Acts, that "we must obey God rather than men".
 

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AMC, you seem again to be presenting a dichotomy where none exists. It's not an either-or situation; scriptural submission to authority is a hierarchical situation--a both-and/except-when scenario. Our authority, as children of God is our heavenly Father. He is the top authority; the Head of His Body, the Church (all believers). Because He is sovereign, He has authority over all physical and spiritual principalities and powers, and none has any authority except as He has so ordained. The Bible clearly states that God puts human institutions/governments in authority over us (civil authority) in order to promote our living for the general good of mankind, and not our individual selfish interests:

13Submit yourselves for the Lord's sake to every authority instituted among men: whether to the king, as the supreme authority, 14or to governors, who are sent by him to punish those who do wrong and to commend those who do right. 15For it is God's will that by doing good you should silence the ignorant talk of foolish men. 16Live as free men, but do not use your freedom as a cover-up for evil; live as servants of God. 17Show proper respect to everyone: Love the brotherhood of believers, fear God, honor the king. (1 Peter 2:13-17)

So our obeying them is tantamount to doing His will and obeying Him. But it is also clear that when those governments seek to apply their authority in specific ways that go directly against God's commands--when leaders rebel against God and the trust He has given them to rule honorably--that we are "to obey God rather than man." (Eg. Daniel, in praying to His God, when told to pray to Nebechudnezzar instead; Peter, when told to stop speaking of the Name by which all must be saved, in Acts.) I don't see this as being all that complex.
 
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AMCrenshaw

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AMC, you seem again to be presenting a dichotomy where none exists

Well, let's see.

The Bible clearly states

13Submit yourselves for the Lord's sake to every authority instituted among men: whether to the king, as the supreme authority, 14or to governors, who are sent by him to punish those who do wrong and to commend those who do right. 15For it is God's will that by doing good you should silence the ignorant talk of foolish men. 16Live as free men, but do not use your freedom as a cover-up for evil; live as servants of God. 17Show proper respect to everyone: Love the brotherhood of believers, fear God, honor the king. (1 Peter 2:13-17)

Is this the only Scriptural support in the Bible? What does Jesus Himself say on the matter of "obeying" or "submitting to" human authority? What evidence does He give, in action or in words, that His followers should support governments because it's His will for His followers to do so?

Are there Old Testament examples that might be more useful to you?


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AMCrenshaw

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Jesus also said, "Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's." I don't think He was talking only about money.

Neither do I think he's talking just about money here:

"No one can serve two masters. Either he will hate the one and love the other, or he will be devoted to the one and despise the other. You cannot serve both God and Money"

--Matthew 6



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Is this the only Scriptural support in the Bible?
No, just the clearest one. There's also 2 Peter 2:10, and I'm sure I could even find some more if I got out my concordance, but 1 Peter 2:13-17 seems fairly thorough and conclusive even all by itself. I mean, even if it were the only reference in the Bible would you think it any less important to obey? Do you see any loopholes here?

What does Jesus Himself say on the matter of "obeying" or "submitting to" human authority? What evidence does He give, in action or in words, that His followers should support governments because it's His will for His followers to do so?
I didn't bring it up because it was already noted upthread. "Render unto Caesar what is Caesar's and render unto God what is God's." (This to the Pharisees who were trying to get Him to take a stand either against God or against the Roman government, and so incur the wrath of the Jewish people thronging to hear Him.) Jesus' position as well as the Bible's position is clear to those who have eyes to see, AMC.
Are there Old Testament examples that might be more useful to you?
I already cited one; Daniel. There may be more OT examples, but I can't imagine why they might be 'more useful' to me. Scripture is cohesive...truth is truth.
 
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AMCrenshaw

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Sure is clear. "No one can serve two masters." Is Jesus talking about money alone? Or about the face on the coin as well? I think it's quite clear what Jesus is talking about.


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AMCrenshaw

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Jesus also said, "Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's." I don't think He was talking only about money.

Remember that the question was raised in order to try to trap Jesus; that the question came up might very well reveal that it had already been debated among the leaders of the temples. Also remember that Jesus says, "Whose face is on this coin? Whose likeness?" The idea of ownership should come into play here. Who owns the coins? It's Caesar. It's his face; it's his coin. Of course render unto Caesar; Of course pay the tax! The tax is insignificant. In the grand scheme of things, Caesar is insignificant. Everything not marked with Caesar's likeness does not belong to Caesar. It belongs to whom, then?

Remember as well that before Pilate, in what a lot of people consider to be the most...theological of the gospels, John, when asked, "Are you king of the Jews?" Jesus answers, "Is that your own idea or did others talk to you about me?"

Later on (John 19:10-11):

"10"Do you refuse to speak to me?" Pilate said. "Don't you realize I have power either to free you or to crucify you?"

11Jesus answered, "You would have no power over me if it were not given to you from above. Therefore the one who handed me over to you is guilty of a greater sin."

Is this what Paul refers to when he says submit to authorities because God has created them? Consider, then, why the one "from above" might be guilty? It can't be God; God can do no wrong. God did not place Pilate in power.

Another reading of this phrase, "from above," could refer to the hierarchical structure of the Roman empire, or any empire (Ecc 5:8-9): "If you see the poor oppressed in a district, and justice and rights denied, do not be surprised at such things; for one official is eyed by a higher one, and over them both are others higher still. 9 The increase from the land is taken by all; the king himself profits from the fields."


But pressed any bit further, we will hear Jesus' own echo from Matthew 4; all the kingdoms of the earth belong to Satan. Which itself echoes Ecc 3:16 (" And I saw something else under the sun:
In the place of judgment—wickedness was there,
in the place of justice—wickedness was there."




Take Matthew 20:20-28 as an example of what Jesus thinks of political power:

"0Then the mother of Zebedee's sons came to Jesus with her sons and, kneeling down, asked a favor of him.

21"What is it you want?" he asked.
She said, "Grant that one of these two sons of mine may sit at your right and the other at your left in your kingdom."

22"You don't know what you are asking," Jesus said to them. "Can you drink the cup I am going to drink?"
"We can," they answered.

23Jesus said to them, "You will indeed drink from my cup, but to sit at my right or left is not for me to grant. These places belong to those for whom they have been prepared by my Father."

24When the ten heard about this, they were indignant with the two brothers. 25Jesus called them together and said, "You know that the rulers of the Gentiles lord it over them, and their high officials exercise authority over them. 26Not so with you. Instead, whoever wants to become great among you must be your servant, 27and whoever wants to be first must be your slave— 28just as the Son of Man did not come to be served, but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many.""

Another echo of Ecclesiastes. 8:9 reads 'All this I saw, as I applied my mind to everything done under the sun. There is a time when a man lords it over others to his own hurt.' The same disdain for oppression and for political power carries from the OT to the NT. This is not a description of one political power, but as evidenced earlier, all.


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Deb Kinnard

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Jesus also said, "Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's." I don't think He was talking only about money.

In response to a request for elaboration: the way I read this, Jesus made the distinction between keeping the temporal and the spiritual separate. Yes, honor the laws of the country in which you live; no, don't give the temporal equal honor with the spiritual. Honoring God comes first. If obedience to the state is in opposition to honoring God, what comes first? Not that which is Caesar's. This is the way I read it, and I acknowledge Jesus totally as having authority as to what He taught.
 

AMCrenshaw

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Yes, honor the laws of the country in which you live
If obedience to the state is in opposition to honoring God, what comes first? Not that which is Caesar's. This is the way I read it

I read this way as well. I don't think Jesus would say, disobey the government at all costs. But if we follow Jesus (as the law, one might say), then acting in accordance with a nation's laws (of, for example, not killing) is coincidence, isn't it? What we're really doing is following Jesus. On matters of, say, paying taxes, I think it would be hard pressed to find a coin on Jesus' person at any time. Those things belong to Caesar, are temporal, will perish. So, logically, if we are to follow Jesus, what sorts of possessions should we have, really? About 'not paying taxes,' a follower of Jesus in those times might have said, "Tax what? I have no coin to speak of. All these coins belong to Caesar; I to God, who requires no (worldly) material thing."

AMC
 

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I think the strongest statement Jesus made regarding submission to authority was when he submitted to his own execution.
 

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Here is a link to Tolstoy's The Kingdom of God is within You:

http://www.kingdomnow.org/withinyou.html

Phillip Yancey did write a chapter about Tolstoy in one of his books, _Soul Survivor_ maybe. It was an interesting read. He may have said that Tolstoy never completely accepted Jesus' grace, but I may have misquote him. From what I've read written by Tolstoy, he must have been quite an intense Christian.

AMC, do you currently have a WIP regarding this subject?
 

AMCrenshaw

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I think the strongest statement Jesus made regarding submission to authority was when he submitted to his own execution.

An excellent point. I'll refer back to this moment in the Bible:

"10"Do you refuse to speak to me?" Pilate said. "Don't you realize I have power either to free you or to crucify you?"

11Jesus answered, "You would have no power over me if it were not given to you from above. Therefore the one who handed me over to you is guilty of a greater sin."

The thing I get from this is something we'd talked about earlier: when carrying out God's will coincides with Man's Authority, should we really think of it as "submitting ourselves to authority"?

From what I've read written by Tolstoy, he must have been quite an intense Christian.

Like many of the greats, his conversion was late in life, perhaps under the spell of impending death. He was remarkably drawn to civil disobedience (as am I) and acts of nonviolent justice (as am I).

AMC, do you currently have a WIP regarding this subject?

Yes, but it'd be best to say that I have a WIP regarding nonviolent activism and ecumenism. I appreciate your asking.

AMC
 
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