This is that old compound-modifier debate. You would be OK to hyphenate all compound modifiers all the time--a little stiff perhaps, but still correct.
A lot of good writers would not hyphenate a compound modifier when no reasonable person would be confused by it sans hyphen. And that is also fine. But people disagree all the time about how often to hyphenate compound modifiers. The main rule: If there is a chance of confusion, hyphenate it.
I tend to lean more toward the stiff side; I hyphenate compound modifiers pretty liberally. But, I would take child care on a case-by-case basis. I would hyphenate child-care provider, but not child care program.
Check out Bill Walsh's "The Elephants of Style," pp. 131-133.